Language

The Mother Tongue

Proto-Indo-European, c. 4500-2500 BC
The reconstructed ancestor of English, Hindi, Russian, Greek, and 400+ other languages.
Documented

Reconstruction by comparison

In 1786 William Jones noticed Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin were too similar to be coincidence. Linguists have since reconstructed a parent language, Proto-Indo-European, spoken perhaps 6,000 years ago, likely on the steppes north of the Black Sea. We know some of its actual words, yet no sentence of it was ever recorded.

Assessment: One of the greatest achievements of historical science, though its homeland is still debated.
Stories

The Tower of Babel

Genesis 11 tells of a single human language shattered at Babel, scattering speech across the earth. Many cultures hold similar divided-language myths, from the Maya to the Zulu.

Assessment: As literal history, unsupported. As an etiological myth about why languages differ, universal and ancient.
Interesting claims

The Adamic language

Esoteric and mystical traditions, from medieval Kabbalah to 17th-century seekers like John Dee, held that one original sacred language exists whose words name the true nature of things, and finding it would restore lost power.

Assessment: A beautiful idea with no linguistic evidence. All languages change constantly; none is "original."
Sources and further reading
  1. Sir William Jones, Third Anniversary Discourse, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1786
  2. August Schleicher, Compendium, 1861, the Stammbaum and reconstructed forms
Worth asking

If one tribe's words now live in the mouths of three billion people, what else did that tribe quietly give the world?

Open in the interactive archive
GR8YFILES · competing origin stories, labeled by the strength of their evidence · readers 14+